2. Subsystems of Cells

2.1. Support and Movement System

This system separates the materials inside the cell from its surroundings, maintains the cell’s shape, and enables the cell to move.

2.2. Energy Metabolism System

This system converts light energy into chemical energy, or vice versa. The conversion process enables energy-consuming biological processes to occur.

2.3. mass metabolism system

This system synthesizes materials that act as building blocks for cell structures

2.4. signalling system

This system senses changes in the external or internal environment and transmits signals to responders that are responsible for initiating a response to the change.

2.5. DNA operation system

This system organizes DNA and maintains its structure and integrity.